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Many people don't know that the dollar system we use today actually has its roots in 1944. That year, 44 countries met in Bretton Woods, USA, to establish a set of financial agreements that completely reshaped the post-war global wealth distribution. This story is a bit complex, but the key point is simple—how a country designs its financial system to funnel global wealth into its own pockets.
Looking at the situation at the end of World War II makes it clear. Europe and Asia were in ruins, desperately needing funds for reconstruction. But what about the United States? Its homeland was safe and sound, and it even profited from arms trade, accumulating 75% of the world's gold reserves. Other countries were broke, but the US treasury was overflowing with gold—this is what is called "financial dominance."
At that time, countries were frantic. Post-war reconstruction and trade needed to happen, but all hard currencies were held by the US. Seizing this opportunity, the US made a bold move: "Listen up, I will back your currencies with dollars, and 35 dollars will always be exchangeable for one ounce of gold. Other countries' currencies will be pegged to the dollar. This way, you'll have a stable trading tool." Sounds considerate, right? In fact, this move made the dollar the intermediary of global trade, pushing other currencies aside.
The core of the Bretton Woods Agreement has three main points. First, the dollar was linked to gold, with 35 dollars equal to one ounce of gold, turning the dollar into "paper gold." Second, the currencies of various countries were pegged to the dollar with fixed exchange rates—like the British pound and the French franc—preventing them from fluctuating freely and requiring stability around the dollar. Lastly, the IMF and the World Bank were established—claimed to help developing countries, but in reality, they installed a global financial monitoring system for the US.
This system superficially maintained financial order, allowing post-war trade to proceed. But in essence? The US, by promising gold convertibility and controlling global currency flows, built a financial empire centered on itself. While other countries gained stable trading tools, they paid the price of handing over their financial lifelines to the US. That’s why even today, the dollar remains the world’s number one reserve currency.