Ethereum Fusaka upgrade is set to go live on the mainnet on December 3, 2025. What are the highlights of this update? First, it introduces the PeerDAS data availability sampling mechanism, allowing nodes to subscribe to only about 1/8 of the rollup's blob data. What does this mean? It signifies a significant reduction in verification costs and a lower participation threshold.

Regarding blob capacity, BPO is gradually increasing, with the ultimate goal of optimizing from the current 14/21. The potential for expansion is limited only by imagination. Another major focus is the security upgrade of zkEVM—according to the roadmap, by the end of 2026, it aims to achieve 128-bit security level, followed by a shift to proof verification architecture, marking a critical transition from computational optimization to security assurance.

A question worth pondering: what impact will this series of Ethereum upgrades have on the Bitcoin settlement layer? Layer 2 scaling solutions are becoming increasingly mature, and cross-chain bridging demands may reshape the landscape. The throughput and security of Layer 2 are both improving, which has profound implications for the competition within the multi-chain ecosystem.